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Tsar Nicholas I Monument
The monument to Tsar Nicholas I (1856–59) was opened on Mariinskaya (St Isaac’s) Square on the morning of 25 June 1859. The entire ensemble was designed by Auguste de Montferrand, while Baron Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg sculpted the equestrian statue. The four bronze female figures by Robert Salemann decorating the pedestal were based on portraits of Nicholas’s wife and daughters and symbolise justice (Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna), strength (Maria), wisdom (Olga) and faith (Alexandra). The bas-reliefs were sculpted by Nikolai Ramazanov and Robert Salemann. Auguste de Montferrand designed the railings around the monument (dismantled after 1917).
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