Cooperative association in Russia. Historically, these were semi-formal associations for various enterprises, such as building, painting, fishing, mining or commerce. Artels often worked far from hom...

Initially, a settlement freed from various taxes and levies. Developed into ordinary villages, townships or suburban settlements, often located directly outside the city or monastery walls. Derived f...

Rural community or trading centre in medieval Russia, later became the name for an administrative district or a small settlement with a church and a graveyard. Derived from the Russian word for “gues...